美國會美中經濟與安全評估委員會報告　中美關係部分節錄

美國國會的諮詢機構美中經濟與安全審查委員會（U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission，USCC）周三（14日）發表2018年年度報告，論及中美關係、並提到香港及台灣現況；報告又建議美國國會採取廣泛的措施，抗衡中國全球擴張戰略、貿易做法和海外影響力。以下部分內容原文翻譯。

▼年度報告論及中美關係：

報告對中國侵犯知識產權，以及中國政府對國有企業的不當補貼導致市場扭曲表示擔憂，敦促華府盡快採取措施。委員會亦要求相關機構調查美國研究人員以及企業的知識產權是否得到充分保護。對與美國有關聯的中國研究人員，也要求調查他們跟中國官方和軍方關係。

對於中國的不公平貿易行為，美國試圖通過《貿易法》、提案予世貿（WTO）及貿易手段來解決。特朗普政府的貿易政策，主要是針對中國侵犯知識產權、中美貿易逆差不斷增加，以及（美國）過度依賴鋼鐵及鋁進口等因素所造成的國家安全風險。

原文節錄：The United States has sought to address unfair Chinese trade practices in part by using mechanisms codified in U.S. trade laws, bringing cases to the World Trade Organization, and threatening additional trade actions. The Trump Administration’s trade policies target Chinese technology transfer requirements and insufficient intellectual property protections, the growing U.S. trade deficit, and national security risks posed by an overreliance on steel and aluminum imports, among other factors.

中國政府制定的產業政策令外國企業處於不利位置，當中包括徵收關稅，對國有企業實施不當補貼、限制外國企業擁有權、強制轉讓或盜竊知識產權及技術等。有關政策讓中國的技術得以進步。中國加入世貿後獲取巨大經濟利益。但入世15年多，中國政府及國有企業一再違反世貿承諾，破壞多邊貿易體制，扭轉眾多承諾。

原文節錄：The Chinese government structures industrial policies to put foreign firms at a disadvantage and to help Chinese firms. Among the policies the Chinese government uses to achieve its goals are subsidies, tariffs and local content requirements, restrictions on foreign ownership, intellectual property (IP) theft and forced technology transfers, technical standards that promote Chinese technology usage and licensing, and data transfer restrictions.

China has reaped tremendous economic benefits from its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), and participation in the rules-based, market-oriented international order. However, more than 15 years after China’s accession, the Chinese government's state-driven industrial policies repeatedly violate its WTO commitments and undermine the multilateral trading system, and China is reversing on numerous commitments.

國會應指示政府審計辦公室評估美中的技術合作，有關評估應調查資金及參與者等合作性質；詳細說明許可及監管制度；調查美國研究人員以及企業的知識產權是否得到充分保護；調查與美國有關聯的中國研究人員與中國官方和軍方關係；調查參與中國合作的美國公司、大學或實驗室是否受到中國網絡滲透影響；並評估有關合作對美國的好處。

原文節錄：Congress direct the Government Accountability Office to conduct an assessment of U.S.-China collaborative initiatives in technical cooperation. This assessment should describe the nature of collaboration, including funding, participation, and reporting on the outcomes; detail the licensing and regulatory regime under which the initiatives occur; consider whether the intellectual property rights of U.S. researchers and companies are being ade- quately protected; examine whether Chinese state-owned enter- prises or the military are benefitting from U.S. taxpayer-funded research; investigate if any Chinese researchers participating in the collaboration have ties to the Chinese government or military; investigate if any U.S. companies, universities, or labs participating in U.S. government-led collaboration with China have been subject to cyber penetration originating in China; and evaluate the benefits of this collaboration for the United States.

▼年度報告論及香港：

隨着北京政府及港府逐步減少反對派表達意見的空間，香港的言論及集會自由在2018年的挑戰繼續增加。港府首次禁止主張香港獨立的香港民族黨運作，引發外界憂慮當局會通過國安法，進一步令反對派及其支持者噤聲。港府亦在無解釋的情況下拒絕為香港外國記者協會（FCC）副會長續辦工作簽證。觀察人士認為，此舉是報復FFC在2018年8月邀請香港民族黨召集人演講。隨着中國大陸對香港的影響愈來愈多，本港記者及媒體自我審查的情況亦愈見普遍。

原文節錄：In 2018, challenges to freedom of speech and assembly in Hong Kong continue to increase as Beijing and the Hong Kong government closed down the political space for prodemocracy activists to express discontent. For the first time, the Hong Kong government banned a political party (the Hong Kong National Party, which advocates for Hong Kong’s independence from China), raising concerns that it may lead to the passage of national security legislation that would allow the government to further silence prodemocracy organizations and supporters. The Hong Kong government also denied a visa renewal to the vice president of the Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents’ Club without explanation; observers believe the denial was in retaliation for the club’s August 2018 event hosting the head of the Hong Kong National Party. Self-censorship has become increasingly prevalent in Hong Kong among journalists and media organizations due to mainland China’s rising presence in the territory.

美國根據1992年《美國－香港政策法》香港在一國兩制框架下的人權、民主及自治，這能保證香港作為國際金融貿易港能促進美國利益。在香港與中國大陸存在領土分隔的前提下，美國才對香港出口敏感科技。不過，在北京持續侵犯香港自治權，令香港的法治及言論令人不安地持續下降。

原文節錄：U.S. policy toward Hong Kong, as outlined in the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, underscores U.S. support for Hong Kong’s human rights, democratization, and autonomy under the “one country, two systems” framework. The preservation of Hong Kong’s way of life and maintenance of its status as a global financial and business hub help facilitate U.S. interests. U.S. considerations regarding the export of sensitive U.S. technology to Hong Kong are also predicated on the territory’s separation from the Mainland. In this light, the ongoing decline in rule of law and freedom of expression due to Beijing’s increasing encroachment on Hong Kong’s autonomy is a troubling development.

美中經濟與安全審查委員會成立於2000年，持續調查美中經濟關係對美國安全的影響，並向有關方面提出建議。

（美中經濟與安全審查委員會2018年年度報告）